I．对立法
文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那个看
法。对立法的句型多用于有争议性的主题。
1 When asked about..., the vast / overwhelming majority of
most / many / quite a few people say
think
believe
answer
1 that.... But other people regard / view / see / think of.. . as....
I think /view quite / a bit differently.
1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is the serious
energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of
food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the
economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances
in economy and technology.
当问起世界上现在最大的问题是什么，许多人说是严重的能源危机。他们担心人类不久会用完石油、
发生食品短缺！但有些人则持乐观的看法。他们把能源危机看成是经济发展的自然结果，而且只有随着经济和技术的进一步发展才能得以解决。
1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, mist college
students say that they would choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a
conformable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite
differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials.
当问起毕业后干什么，大多数大学生说，他们会找一个能给他们带来许多钱和舒适生活的工作。在一
家大银行或大的公司里工作是他们所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要选择一个能够发挥我的才能的职业。
2 When It comes to..., some people think
believe that.... Others argue
claim that the
2 opposite
reverse is true. There Is probably some truth in both arguments
statements , but....
2.1 When it canes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup
soccer game, some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if
countries play games together they will learn to live together.
Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false
national pride and lead in misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of
truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support
the view that sports encourage international brotherhood.
当说到国际体育比赛，诸如奥林匹克运动会和世界杯足球赛，有些人认为它能增进国与国之间的友善
。如果许多国家在一起比赛交流，他们就会知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人则持相反的观点。他们认为国际体育竞赛只会造成虚假的民族自豪感，导致相互间的误解和仇恨.这两种观点可能都有点道理，但是从最近几年的奥林匹克运动会来看，很少能证明体育运动可以增进国与国之间的友好感情。
2.2 In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people
to live longer than in the past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the
life of the terminally ill, some people, including some doctors, say that the quality of
life is as important as life itself, and that people should in be forced to go on living
when the conditions of life have become unbearable. They argue that people should be
allowed to die with dignity and decide when they want to die. However those who are in
favor of life-extending measures argue that life under any circumstances is better than
death and that the duty of doctors is always to extend life as long as possible. There is
probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamor for the legalization of
voluntary euthanasia seem increasingly strong.
在最近几十年，医学技术的进步使得人类有可能比过去活得长了。但是当论及延长一个无可挽救、濒
临死亡的人的生命是否必要时，有些人，包括有些医生认为生命的质量和生命本身同样重要；当病情已变得不堪忍受了，就不应迫使这些人再活下去。他们坚持说应允许一个人尊严地死去，允许他们决定什么时候死。但是赞成采取延长生命的方法的人认为在任何情况下生总比死好；一个医生的责任就是尽可能延长一个人的生命。或许双方都有点道理，但是最近公众要求对自愿安乐死合法化的呼声似乎越来越高。
3 There is a public
general
much debate
discussion
controversy today
nowadays on
about
over
as to the problem
issue of.... Those who criticize
oppose
object to
3 ... contend
argue ... that.... They believe that .... But people who advocate
favor ..., on the other hand, maintain
assert that....
3.1 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable.
Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that
society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural
resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment.
People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present
growth rate, there are still many poor people, They maintain that only continued growth
can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial
resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.
现在围绕快速的经济发展是否应该正展开一场热烈的讨论。那些持反对意见者认为我们必须放慢发展
速度。他们说发展已接近某种极限！这其中包括有限的自然资源供应和工业对环境造成的消极影响。然而要求更快发展的人则认为，即使按目前的发展速度还是有许多穷人。
他们认为经济的持续快速发展才能创造提高生活质量所必需的资本，才能提供用来保护环境不受工业化破坏的资金。
3.2 There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college
students' doing a part-time job. Those who object to it argue that students should not
spend their precious time in this way. But people who advocate it, on the other hand,
claim that, by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job, students can not only
improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be
able to get from the textbooks.
关于大学生打工这一现象，校园里正展开一场讨论。反对大学生打工的人指出大学生不应该把宝贵的
时间花在这上面。然而赞成者则认为，通过从事一些与专业有关的工作，可以提高学生的学习，还可获得到书本上得不到的许多经验。
4 Now, It is commonly
generally
widely believed
thought
held
accepted
felt
recognized
acknowledged that.... They
4 claim
believe
argue that .... But I wonder
doubt whether ...
4.1 It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of
economic development. They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no
cigarettes available everywhere, and no adequate pocket money, teenagers are unlikely to
take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is a satisfactory explanation. While
conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the primary
cause is social and individual rather than economic.
人们普遍认为青少年吸烟人数上升是经济发展不可避免的结果。他们认为：如果电视上没有香烟广告
，香烟不是到处可买得到，孩子的零用钱不是很多的话，青少年不太可能染上吸烟的习惯。但我怀疑这是否是一个满意的解释。虽然有广告和其它商业因素的影响，我认为主要原因是社会和个人因素而不是经济上的。
4.2 It is widely felt that there is a fear plainly uppermost in the minds of most people
today. They are afraid of the future, and if you ask them why, they conveniently blame the
atomic bomb. But I suspect that the nuclear weapon is only the scapegoat for our fears. We
are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no
faith in the future. I believe people no longer have faith in our ability to control our
own future.
人们普遍感到现在大多数人明显地有一种恐惧感。他们怕将来。如果问他们为什么怕，他们会很随意
地怪原子弹。但我怀疑，核武器不过是我们害怕的替罪羊。我们怕将来不是因为有了原子弹，说我们怕原子禅，实际上是对未来没有信心。我认为人们对自己是否有能力控制将来已丧失信心了。
5 To the general public
To most people
In the popular mind
In most people's opinion .... But despite
in spite of
for all .... I believe....
one should ...
5.1 In the popular mind, it is immediately assumed that when morals are discussed, it is
sexual morals that are meant. The morals of salesmen, doctors, and taxi drivers are only
moderately interesting to the general public, while the relations between men and women
are frequent themes in novels and movies, themes which no amount of repetition makes
stale. Yet in spite of this immense preoccupation with sex, much attention should be drawn
to the general moral standards.
当讨论起道德问题时，大多数人会立即认为是指性道德。一方面售货员、医生和出租车司机的职业道
德不大为公众所关心，而另一方面男女间的关系却是小说和电影中经常出现的主题，再怎么不断重复也不会失去其新鲜感。因此尽管人们对性的题目津津乐道，我认为应注意整个道德水平。
5.2 To most Chinese parents, college is a place their children should go. And their
children, for the most part, are also anxious to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there
is something about a college that transfers an ordinary child into a superior adult. But
in spite of this belief, men and women who have been to college suspect that this is not
the case.
大多数中国父母看来，大学是他们的子女应该去的地方。而他们的孩子在大多数情况下也渴望上大学
。中国的传统观点是大学能把一个普普通通的孩子培养成一个超人一等的人。但是尽管人们有这个观点，凡是读过大学的人却认为情况并非如此。
6 Now a lot of
the majority of
many / most people believe
think
feel that....
6 But although
Admittedly, ... there is no / little evidence that
it is questioned /doubted ...
6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few
years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists
have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that
television brings about juvenile delinquency.
许多人都认为电视会给孩子带来危害。前几年，对电影也有类似的指责。然而尽管青少年心理学者花
了许多时间来研究这个问题，却很少有证据表明电视造成了青少年犯罪。
6.2 Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest happiness
for the greatest number. Although this view is widely held, there is little evidence that
Money brings about happiness. Instead, we find our present way of life leads to increasing
anxiety, helplessness, and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to
identify consumption with joy and fun with happiness.
许多人认为，我们这个消费社会给绝大多数人带来了最大的幸福。尽管人们普遍这样认为，却很少有
证据表明钱能给人带来幸福。相反，我们发现，现在的全活方式使人越来越感到焦虑不安，孤立无援，最终导致我们文化的崩溃。我不认为消费就是快乐，玩乐就是幸福。
6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was.
Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by
print. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual
communication of news events, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to
give us information while we are engaged in doing other things ------ for instance,
driving a car ------ is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously
questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our
intellectual skills.
现在有些人觉得，阅读没有像过去那样有必要了。无线电广播，尤其电视已代替了曾经由印刷所起的
许多作用。确实，电视极好地发挥了其中的一些功能，如新闻通过图像来传送有很大的影响。无线电广播能使我们边干事，如开车，边收听消息，真是了不起，且可节约许多时间。但是人们或许会认真发问，这些现代传播媒体的出现是否已提高了我们的知识技能。
7 .... In reaction
response
answer to the event
phenomenon
idea
question , some people say
think .... But do they realize...?
7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things that are happening
at home and abroad from television. They believe the things they hear and see on
television. Probably most of the information is true, and we can believe it. But shall we
always believe the information which television gives us? Do we never suspect that the
given information might be slanted, distorted or the truth totally denied?
现在大多数人都是从电视上知道国内外发生的事和新闻的。他们都相信在电视上看到和听到的事。大
多数消息可能是真的，我们能相信。但是我们是否总是要相信电视给我们的消息呢？难道我们从不怀疑所给的消息可能有偏见，或已歪曲了，或真相已被彻底隐瞒了？
7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level in public esteem. A
recent Gallup poll shows that big business came in last, in terms of the quality of the
products, among all the enterprises which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the
top of the list were small business or business from small towns. in response to the poll,
many businessmen argue that this public attitude is due to the inadequacy of their
advertising and can be cured by stepping up their advertising campaigns. They are only
fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem for their loss of public respect
is what they have been doing, not what they have been saying about themselves?
在过去几年里，大企业在公众中的信誉已下降到一个低水平。最近的盖洛普民意测验表明，就产品质
量来说在上海出售家用电器的所有企业中，大企业位居榜末，而小企业或乡镇企业名列前茅。对此许多大企业人士认为公众的这种态度是由于广告宣传不够造成的，只要加大广告宣传声势，就会扭转局面。这是在自欺欺人。难道他们没有认识到失去公众信誉的真正问题在于他们所做的，而不是所说的？
8 ... is a popular
widespread
common method
way of..., but is it a fair
wise
reasonable one?
8 The
Its method / way
valuess / wisdom s now being questioned
challenged by more and more people.
8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment, but is
it a wise one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer
opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesn't
pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the
guilty punished and society protected. Yet the valuess of this form of justice is now
being questioned by more and more people.
把罪犯丢进监狱是个古老又被广泛采用的惩罚方法。但这个方法是否明智？把做坏事的人关在一个地
方，使他们没有机会再损害无辜的人，使他们感到犯罪划不来，似乎确实有道理。这种制度一直被那些希望罪恶得到惩罚，社会得到保护的人视为公平而有效。但是这种司法形式的合理性现在正受到越来越多的人的质疑。
8.2 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in in Chinese colleges
and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a
good thing. But is it a wise method?
It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there
any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? The valuess of
required attendance is now being questioned by more and more teachers and students.
上课点名制，如同一种古老习俗，在中国的大学里非常普遍，许多教师甚至学生自己都认为这种做法
是对的。但这种方法是否明智？上课点名确实有助于学生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上课和这个学生在这门课上的学习表现，两者之间是否已证实有联系？上课点名制度的合理性已受到越来越多的教师和学生的怀疑。
9 These days we often hear about.... They claim /argue /say that.... But has
is it?
9 Close examination
analysis
scrutiny doesn't bear out the claim.
argument.
9.1 These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all men are
equal, and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction
between rich and poor has lost.But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim.
近来我们一直听到关于“无阶级社会”的说法。他们称人人平等他们都享受同等的教育机会和工作机
会；穷人和富人的界限已经消失。果真如此吗？略细分析一下，就证明这种观点站不住脚。
9.2 These days I have heard many exasperated students and working adults alike express a
strong desire to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such
knowledge will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it?
The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge
may be less useful than most people think.
这些日子我听到不少因学习或工作而感到痛苦的学生和工人表示要上英语课或电脑课的强烈愿望。他
们认为这些知识会增加他们找工作、晋级的机会。是这样吗？从我最近几年得到的材料来看，我认为这些知识并不像大多数人认为的那么有用。
10 We are often shown /told these days that.... But is this really the case?
10.1 We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in exploring space, will be
utilized to make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space
exploration done to relieve the suffering of the earth's starving millions? In what way
has it raised the standard of living of anyone of us? Man may put human beings on the
moon, but there is growing skepticism about his ability to solve human problems closer to
home.
我们经常听说在探索空间中获得的技术知识将用来改善我们地球上的人的生活。情况真的如此吗？太
空探索对减轻地球上正在挨饿的千百万人的痛苦到底做了什么呢？它从什么方面提高了我们的生活水平呢？人类能够把人自己送上月球，但人们越来越怀疑其解决地球上人自己问题的能力。
II．现象法
对某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章往往在文章一开始首先引出这种现象或问题，然后
评论。本节句型就适用于这种开头。
11 Recently the rise in
phenomenon of
problem of
question of ... has
11 drawn / aroused public / popular / grave / world-wide attention
caused /aroused wide / general / considerable / international concern
arisen /loomed up /cropped up as controversial /as noteworthy/more distinctly for
settlement
11.1 Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human
beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy
threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly
damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with man's inner
nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may amuse even more anxiety than fear of death.
最近，有关把遗传技术用于人类自身而产生的问题的警示已引起了公众的广泛关注。这是可以理解的
。核能开发正威胁着全球的生存，其它许多技术进步也正明显地危害生活的质量。在这种情况下，谁还会希望科学家来任意改变人体内部机能呢？确实，害怕对人的操纵所引起的担忧可能会超过对死亡的害怕。
11.2 Recently psychologists have found only about two percent of adults use their
creativity, compared with ten percent of seven-year-old children. When five-year-olds were
tested, the result soared to ninety percent! The findings set off many people thinking.
Curiosity and originality are daily occurrences for the small child, but somehow most of
us lose the freedom and flexibility of the child as we grow older.
The need to follow "directions" and "do-it-right", plus the many societal constraints we
put on ourselves, prevent us from using our creative potential.
最近，心理学家发现在使用自己创造力方面，成人只有2％，而7岁的儿童竟有10％。如果在5岁的儿
童中测试，这个数上升到90％。这些发现引起许多人思索。好奇心和创造性每天可在小孩子身上发现，而当我们逐步长大成人，多数人丧失了孩子的那种自由和灵活性。“按常规去做”，“按正确的去做”，以及种种社会的清规戒律把我们束缚住了，使我们无法发挥自己的创造潜力。
12 Recently the issue
problem
question of... has been in the limelight.
brought into focus.
brought to public attention.
posed among the general public.
12.1 The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere
is the clash more visible than in China, where the world's largest population faces
pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.
现在发展与环境的问题已成为人们议论的中心。在中国这对矛盾表现得尤为明显。这个世界上人口最
多的国家正面临着大量的环境污染、森林减少以及酸雨的袭击。
13 In recent
the past 5 years, many cities
nations
people have been faced /plagued /troubled with
experienced/witnessed /undergone the
a(n) serious problem of
acute shortage of
alarming increase in
13.1 In recent years many factories of our country have been faced with the problem of
how to make their workers more productive. Seeing many idle workers smoking, chatting, or
playing cards during the working hours, some experts claim that the solution is to
increase economic reward. Other people feel that "the iron rice bowl" should be roughly
smashed. But does mere money lead to greater productivity?
近年来我国许多工厂一直面临着如何提高工人的生产效率的问题。针对许多工人上班的无所事事，抽
烟，聊天或打牌的现象，有些专家主张通过增加经济报酬来解决。另一些人认为应彻底打破铁饭碗。但是增加钱是否就能提高生产率呢？
13.2 In recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in juvenile crime ------ that is, crime committed by individuals who haven't come of age. Whether the category
is murder or robbery, mugging or rape, the story is the same: juvenile crime is on the
rise. Our society has traditionally treated the juvenile as a special kind of offender,
one who warrants punishment different from that given to an adult, even though the crime
may be the same. Now it is time we asked ourselves: Does the treatment work?
最近几年，中国的青少年犯罪率急剧上升。不管那些没成年人的犯罪涉及到谋杀、偷盗、抢劫或是强
奸，情形是一样的：青少年犯罪在增加。我们社会的传统做法是把这些青少年当成一种特殊的罪犯处理，尽管他们的罪行和成年人一样，但所给的惩罚和成年人不同。现在该是问一问我们自己的时候了：这种做法是否有效？
14 One of the searching
burning
pressing
interesting questions
problems facing
confronting our nation
society
world today is ...
14.1 One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does
new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about
technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to
come, it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science
and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity.
当今社会面临的基本问题之一是：新技术会给世界的将来带来什么样的希望或威胁？由于我们的社会
所作出的关于技术发展的决定会毫无疑问对未来产生巨大影响，因此探索这个问题，尤其是通过检查科学技术与人类发展的关系来这样做就变得非常紧迫和必要了。
14.2 It has become apparent to us that one of the biggest problems confronting our
Chinese education today is the increasing vocationalization of our colleges and
universities. Throughout the country schools are under economic pressure to become job-training centers and employment agencies. All courses are geared to cater to the business
needs.
很明显中国的教育现在面临的最大问题之一是高等院校职业化倾向。在经济发展的压力下，全国许多
大学成了职业培训中心或就业市场机构。课程的设置都一昧迎合市场的需要。
15 One of the biggest issues
hottest topics
most popular things
most serious problems many people talk
complain about now is...
15.1 One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of
the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and
prostitution, that they are putting pressure on population control and social order; that
they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages;
and that they have worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True, these are the problems
posed by the migration, but what about the contribution the rural worker have made to the
city's development and prosperity?
许多市民现在谈得最多的话题之一是源源不断涌进城市的民工潮。他们抱怨民工把犯罪和卖淫带来了
，给城市人口的控制和社会秩序带来了压力，并威胁着夺走本来已很紧张的城市工作机会，使得城市住房、交通、卫生等问题更为突出。是的，这些都是民工潮带来的问题，但怎么看待他们对城市的发展和繁荣所作出的贡献呢？
15.2 One of the best qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to
admit one's mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like "I was
wrong about that", and it is even harder to say, "I was wrong, and you were right about
that".
大多数人所佩服的别人的最好的品质之一，是敢于承认自己的错误。有时人们发觉很难开口说这样简
单的话：“在这一点上是我错了。”而说：“我错了，你是对的。”则更难。
16 Now
Perhaps most dangerous
undesirable
harmful for our nation
society
world
college is the trend
tendency
phenomenon of...which is apparent
obvious
evident
pervasive
rampant
under way in...
16.1 Perhaps most dangerous for our nation now is the official corruption which is
rampant in nearly every field of our society. Once our officials were content with
television sets or imported cigarettes as payment for official services, they now demand
land rights, stock certificates, and even directly dollars.
现在对我们的国家最有危险的恐怕要算是官员的腐败。腐败之风已蔓延到我们社会的几乎每一个领域
。过去办事官员还只满足于电视机，香烟之类的东西作回报，现在他们已要求土地产权，股票证券，甚至直截了当要美元。
17 Inflation
Corruption
Social inequality is yet another of the new and bitter truths we have to learn to face
now.
constantly.
17.1 Cheating is yet another of the bitter truths we have to learn to face now. It is so
prevalent and so widely accepted that it becomes a way of academic life. Even the mast
gifted students, the one who presumably could get good grades without cheating, are
becoming the constant offenders. Getting a good academic record and later a good
professional career is the most important goal and they will do anything they must to
attain it.
考试作弊是我们不得不接受的又一严峻的事实。作弊是那么普遍和司空见惯，已成为大学生活中的一
个方面。连最有天赋的学生，那些不靠作弊也能取得好成绩的学生也常常作弊。对他们来说，有一个学业优秀的记录和将来有一个令人羡慕的工作比什么都重要，为达到这一目标，他们什么都会干。
18 A(n) virtual epidemic
acute shortage
serious campaign of... is now under way in this country.
society. According to a recent
new study
poll
survey , ...
18.1 A virtual epidemic of pregnancies is under way in this nation's teenage population.
In 1993 alone 26270 babies were born to unwed teens. Predictably, educators, parent groups
and newspaper writers have responded to this news with a clamor for more and better sex
education. Indeed, that is urgently necessary, but is sex education alone the whole
answer?
未婚少女怀孕，这一现象就像传染病一样正在该国蔓延开来。就1993年便有26270个婴儿为未婚少女
所生。可以预料教育工作者、家长团体和报纸记者对此大声疾呼要加强和完善任教育。是的，这是非常必要的，但仅仅靠性教育能解决问题吗？
19 Here and there
In city after city
At offices and plants across the country
land , a(n) growing
increasing
surprising
significant number of....
19.1 At offices and plants across the country, a growing number of workers are jogging
along the streets, playing tag-of-war, and doing calisthenics on the pavements ------ all
with the support and encouragement of their employers. The company-sponsored physical-fitness programs are benefiting both individuals and companies.
从机关到工厂，越来越多的职工街上跑步，在人行道上拔河，做健身操。这些活动都受到他们的领导
的支持和鼓励。由工厂公司支持资助的健身活动不仅给职工个人，而且对厂方都带来益处。
19.2 Here and there across the country are coming reports that government officials,
even senior officials, have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking
bribes, others executed for embezzling funds.
In Beijing alone nearly 60000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1993.
Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years in only in scope but in
magnitude.
从各地传来报道，许多政府官员，甚至高级干部因腐败而受到惩罚。有的因受贿而被判刑，有的因侵
吞公款而被判处死刑。仅北京在 1993年就有6万多官员因贪污、贿赂而被判罪。在过去5年里，政府官员的腐败在范围和规模上都有很大的发展。
20 With the rapid
amazing
marked development /improvement /expansion of
increase /growth /decline in .... /
20 With the general
growing
common recognition / realization / acknowledge ment of
commitment / devotion / dedication to
interest in / concern over / enthusiasm for .... /
20 With ... playing an Increasingly big role in attaching much importance to ..., more and more
20.1 With the prospect of coal and petroleum supplies being depleted and with air
pollution becoming an increasing concern, more and more countries are now seeking
alternative sources of energy. Among them is nuclear power whose environmental advantages
over coal and oil is increasingly recognized.
随着煤和石油的供应逐渐耗尽，随着人们越来越关注环境的污染，越来越多的国家正在寻找其它能源
。而其中之一就是核能。与煤和石油相比，其不污染环境的优点正逐渐被人们认识。
20.2 With a domestic market of 12 billion increasingly prosperous consumers and an
economy that grows by an impressive 12--14 percent each year, China is now becoming a huge
magnet for more and more foreign business corporations.
随着一个有着12亿逐渐富裕起来的消费者的国内市场的形成和以每年12%到14%的速度增长的经济的出现，中国正变成一个巨大的磁场，吸引着越来越多的外国公司。
21 Nowadays
Currently
Recently there is a growing / unhealthy tendency to / in / that
general / deep-seated belief in / that
general / uneasy feeling of / against / that
growing / nation-wide recognition of / that
growing / general awareness of / that
deep / serious concern over / for / that
deep / keen interest in
growing / great demand for
growing / great enthusiasm for / among sb ...
21.1 Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden, both academic and
psychological, our children have to bear. After a day's study in school, they bring a lot
of assignments back home and work them until midnight. They play few games and go to few
movies. They have been so obsessed with grades and marks that they have hardly had time to
savor the life and grow as well-rounded people.
如今人们越来越关注我们的孩子所承受的沉重的学习负担和精神压力。在校学习一天后，他们带回许
多作业，常常做到深夜。他们很少玩或去看电影。他们为分数所累，几乎没有时间品尝人生，并成长为一个全面发展的人。
21.2 Nowadays there is an immense and justified pride in what our colleges and
universities have done. At the same time, however, there is a growing uneasiness about
their products. These young men and women who carry away our degrees are attractive,
energetic and eloquent. But what about their intellectual equipment?
现在人们对我们大学所做的一切非常自豪，这不是没有道理的。但是同时对它们的产品——大学毕业
生又愈来愈感到不安。那些得到学位的青年人个个神气十足，精神饱满，能说会道。然而他们是否有真才实学呢？
21.3 In the past decades there has been a persistent demand in many countries for a
conceited attack to deal with worldwide pollution. In many places, under pressure from
private citizens and leaders in science and technology environmental organizations have
sprung up to voice their opinions and to try and face the problem. It is increasingly
recognized that pollution doesn't only pose a pervasive threat to the human environment,
but also challenge the survival of man himself.
在过去的几十年里，许多国家都坚持不懈，要求共同努力来对付全球范围的污染。在很多地方，鉴于
平民百姓和科技界头面人物的压力，保护环境的组织纷纷出现。他们一面提出各种建议，一面试图着导解决这个问题。人们越来越认识到污染不仅威胁到人类环境，且危及人类自身的生存。
22 In recent few years
the past few decades , there is
has been a
22 sharp/ marked / sudden / dramatic increase / growth/ rise / decline in
astonishing / increasing / sizable number / percentage/ proportion / population of
22 According to a(n) recent
new
official study
recent
survey
report
poll , ...
22.1 In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people,
who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a
national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine-year-olds agreed by large percentages
that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish", and that they are less
concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future.
最近几年，越来越多的人，尤其是青年人，对纠正社会的不良倾向和不平等现象很少关心了。根据去
年一次全国性的民意测验，大多数18到29岁的青年人承认他们“不那么有理想”“更加自私”，他们关心个人的将来胜过关心社会问题。
22.2 In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married
couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed
childbearing. According to official statistics, in 1993, about 28 percent of married
couples with wives under 35 gave to birth to children, compared with the 1983 level of 8
percent.
在过去5年里，结婚后希望要孩子的青年夫妇人数明显减少，同时出切一种推迟生育孩子的倾向。根
据官方公布的数据，1993年有28％的已婚夫妇妻子在三十五岁以下而尚未生育，而在1983年，只有8％。
23 Any visitor to this city
country ... would almost inevitably deduce / draw his conclusion
be surprised / struck / impressed by the fact....
23.1 Any visitor to this city would be almost surprised by the severe shortages and
shortcomings in the elementary municipal services despite its economic growth. Schools are
old, hospitals are few and understaffed.
Transportation is overcrowded, and streets are narrow and filthy. Parks and playgrounds
are insufficient.
任何一个到过这个城市的人都会因这个城市的最基本设施的严重不足和不良而感到震惊。尽管这个城
市的经济发展很快，学校却很陈旧；医院少且医务人员不足；交通拥挤，道路狭窄而肮脏；公园及游乐场所也少得可怜。
24 Whenever you see
find ... you cannot help being struck
surprised
astonished
disappointed
impressed by ...
at ...
24.1 Whenever we visit a terminally ill patient, we cannot help being struck by his
eagerness to know the truth about his condition. He does not only suffer from his illness,
but also from the anxiety about its potential outcome. Although telling him the truth may
risk destroying his hope, so that he may deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide,
a dying person has the right to know his condition and to make informed choice concerning
his own health.
每当我们去探视一名患有不治之症的病人时，我们不禁为他那种急切想知道自己的真实病情的表情所
震动。他不仅被疾病所折磨，也被为自己的病情可能发展的结果而焦虑所折磨。虽然若将真实病情告知他可能会使之失去希望从而加速病情恶化，甚至他可能自寻短见，但一个濒临死亡的病人有权知道自己的病情，有权对自己的健康状况作出明智的判断。
24.2 Whenever we read suggestions of some recent scientific and econimic research that
the curves for food demand and food supply will cross in a maximum of 60 years, and that
by then, man's overpopulation, increasing pollution, and the diminishing food supply could
threaten to end human life on our planet, we could not help wondering what steps man could
take to ensure his survival and avoid such extinction.
近来一些科学和经济的研究表明，粮食供求平衡至多能保持用年。到那时、人口过剩、污染加剧以及
粮食供应减少将会威胁人类在地球上的生存。每当我们读到这些情况，我们不禁在想：人类应当采取什么措施来确保自己的生存，避免灭绝呢？
III. 观点法
文章开门见山，直截了当提出作者对文章要讨论的问题的观点，也即文章的中心思想。以下就是常用
的句型。
25 Nothing / Few things
No idea / opinion belief / view / attitude is
are more / as foolish
dangerous
untrue
undesirable
basic
important
essential
25 than
as ... (which is widely
commonly
generally held by...).
25.1 Nothing, we have been told these years, is more educative than participating in or
listening to an exchange of opinion. The seminar, the conference, the lecture, the panel
discussion on the radio ------ how fine, how liberating, how instructive they are to us
all, to the participants and to those at their receiving sets. They can not only acquaint
one with many facts, but help deepen one's understanding of social phenomena and
relationships, and broaden one's outlook.
这些年来我们都感到没有什么比参加一个讨论或听听别人的思想交流更有教育意义的了。大型讨论会
，大型会议讲座以及电台直播室的讨论对我们所有人，对参加者或是听众都是那么美妙，那么有意义，有启迪作用。这些讨论不仅使我们了解了许多事实，而且有助于加深对各种社会现象和关系的理解，开阔眼界。
25.2 Few things seem to stir up more fear among today's young people than the prospect
of a military draft.
Feelings of patriotism are articulated much more freely now, but there seems little
enthusiasm for military conscription, and no one wants to spend several years in the armed
forces engaged in activities which have nothing to do with their future work.
似乎没有什么比要服兵役更使青年人担心了。现在到处洋溢着爱国主义的情感，但对服兵役却没什么
热情，没有人想在部队里待几年，去从事与他未来的工作没什么关系的活动。
25.3 Perhaps no issue in this world is as basic to individual and national survival as
food. But China in recent years has experienced a serious waste of food in one way or
another. Especially in many big cities, this waste has become habitual and traditional, to
the extent that people are seldom aware of it in their daily life.
可能在这个世界上没有什么问题比粮食对一个人乃至整个国家的生存更为重要的了。但在中国，近年
来各种各样严重浪费粮食的现象比比皆是。尤其在许多大城市里，这种浪费已成为习惯性和传统性了，以致人们在日常生活中已习以为常了。
26 Never
Nowhere in history
the world
China has the issue
change
idea of .... been more
as visible
evident
popular than ...
as ...
26.1 Nowhere in the world has the issue of birth control been more evident than in
China. The nation is faced with such serious situation as the one in which its population
is increasing much faster than the supply of food and available resources.
世界上没有一个地方比中国的计划生育问题更突出的了。这个国家正面临着十分严峻的形势，其人口
增长的速度正大大超过粮食供应的速度和自然资源供应的速度。
26.2 Nowhere has the great principle of equality been so thoroughly put in practice as
in China, and nowhere have such persistent efforts been made to improve the legal status
of women. In spite of this, however, women in many places are still denied the right to
compete with men for jobs on equal terms and the right to equal opportunities for
promotion.
世界上没有一个地方比中国把平等这个伟大的原则更彻底地贯彻到实践中去，没有像中国作出如此坚
持不懈的努力来提高妇女的法律地位。尽管如此，在许多地方中国的妇女还是没有权利和男子在同等条件下竞争工作，没有平等的机会得到晋升。
26.3 Never in the nation's history have the stakes involving our education been higher
than rim. From energy crises to air pollution, and from the improvement of the standard of
living to space exploration, the approaching world of the 21st century bristles with
challenges whose resolution, for better or worse, will depend largely on the quality of
education.
在这个国家的历史上教育从来没有像现在这样对我们如此利害攸关。从能源危机到环境污染，从生活
水平的提高到空间探索，即将到来的21世纪充满了种种挑战。要战胜那些挑战，不论怎么样，在很大程度上取决于教育的质量。
27 It is about
high time we exploded
shattered
freed ourselves from the myth
illusion
fiction about ...
27.1 It's about time somebody exploded that old myth about childhood being the happiest
of your life. Childhood may certainly be fairly happy, free from financial worries and the
anxiety about social ladders. But have you heard our children today groaning under the
ever-increasing burden of studies? Have you seen them stay up almost every night simply to
finish a day's homework?
现在应该是揭穿长期来认为童年是人的一生中最幸福的时代这个古老神话的时候了。童年固然很幸福
，孩子们没有经济上的忧愁，也没有争名夺利的焦虑。但是人们是否听到现在的孩子在日益沉重的学习负担下发出的呻吟声？人们是否看到孩子们为了完成一天的功课，几乎天天熬夜？
28 Perhaps
Maybe we should
it is time to rethink
reexamine
have a fresh look at the idea
valuess
attitude
wisdom
desirability that ...
28.1 Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of our life
that a college degree is necessary ------ and perhaps even a sufficient ------ recondition
for success. I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of
orthodox education.
I want only to expose its false god; the four-year, all-purpose, degree-granting college,
aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as
the stepping-stone to "meaningful" and "better" jobs.
可能我们应当重新考虑一下这个很快成为我们生活毋庸置疑的前提：对成功来说，大学文凭是必要的
，或许是先决的条件。我不想反对正统的大学教育带来种种好处的观点。我只想揭示把大学文凭捧上天的虚假性：对象是所谓读大学的适龄青年，目的是培养各种人材的颁发学位的四年制大学现已差不多被公认为是找到＂有意义的”、“好的”工作的跳板。
28.2 Maybe it is time to reexamine our present valuesss of life and try to figure out
why life today becomes so difficult, and what can be done about it. Not only are things
often not what they seem, they may be just the opposite of what they seen. People are
discontented these days, for example, not because things are worse than ever, but because
things are better than ever. Everything is paradoxical.
也许现在该是重新检查一下我们现在生活流行的价值观，弄清楚今天的生活为何变得如此艰难，以及
该用什么办法加以解决的时候了。现在的事情常常不仅不是它们看上去的那样，事情可能正好与看上去的相反。譬如说，如今人们的不满往往不是因为情况比以往任何时候都糟，而是因为情况从未这么好过。一切事情都变得似是而非了。
29 Now people in growing
increasing
significant numbers are beginning
coming to realize
recognize
understand
accept
be aware that....
29.1 Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit,
which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into
money-making, has shaped our culture and influenced our ideals and aspirations as a
people.
现在越来越多的人开始认识到这股下海从商的浪潮把许多人卷进去，使他们把自己的才干和精力都耗
在赚钱上。这个重商的风气改变了我们的文化，影响了作为一个民族的我们的理想和抱负。
29.2 In recent years an increasing number of people are getting to realize that much of
the technology being developed today neither respects the earth's delicate ecosystem nor
is adequately controlled by social institutions. As the social costs of the technological
development (e. g environmental pollution, unemployment) become so obvious, it is time
that our society should make efforts to reassess the direction of our development in the
view of radically different and increasingly complex socioeconomic circumstances.
近年来日渐增多的人开始意识到当今正在开发中的许多技术 既没有考虑到地球上微妙的生态系统，
也没有受到社会机构的有 效控制。由于开发技术所付出的社会代价（如环境污染和失业现 象）十分明显，该是到了我们的社会作出努力，从完全不同的，越来 越复杂的社会经济环境来重新评估技术发展的方向的时候了。
30 Now there is a growing awareness / recognition on the part of people
people become increasingly aware / conscious of the need
necessity
importance to
of ...
30.1 In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the necessary to improve
our criminal justice system.
A young thief who spends time in jail often receives there a thorough education in crime
from his fellow prisoners, or perhaps tough criminals who drag him into more serious
offenses and more prison terms a vicious cycle that will do greater harm to the society.
近几年来人们越来越意识到改进我们刑法制度的必要性。一 个初犯的小偷被关在监狱里，往往会从
其他囚犯，甚至犯罪老手那里学到一整套作案的手法，结果他们把他拉人更深的犯罪深渊，以 至判更长的徒刑，如此恶性循环将对社会造成更大的危害。
30.2 Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a
foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means
a good opportunity for one's career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them
equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
现在许多人日益意识到掌握一门外语的重要性，对他们来说，外语知识，如英语往往意味着给他的职
业带来好的机会，甚至给他带来光辉灿烂的前途。许多人把人生的成功与能讲外语相提并论。
31 we might marvel at
In spite of / Despite the great
giant
extraordinary
tremendous progress
stride
advance made in
31 science and technology
nearly every field , (but) ... remain basically unchanged.
the same as it was.
as ... as ever they were.
31.1 We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of
testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It is
extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise
anything mere efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that
examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they mere often do the exact
opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, but they can tell you nothing
about a person's true ability and aptitude.
对各个学科所取得的进步我们或许会感到吃惊，但是测试人们知识和能力的方法仍像过去一样原始。
经过这么多年，教育家们仍未能设计出比考试更可靠，更行之有效的方法，这真使人为之惊讶。尽管教育家们虔诚地宣称，考试能测验你懂得多少知识。
但众所周知，它们通常是适得其反。用来测试记忆力，考试也许是种好方法，但它不能测出一个人的真正能力。
31.2 This is a skeptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our
forefathers deeply believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the
bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs. This modern faith in medicine is proved by
the fact that the annual drug bill of this country is mounting to astronomical figures and
shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.
这是一个怀疑一切的时代。但是尽管我们已不大相信我们的祖先们所深信不疑的许多事物，我们对装
在瓶中的药物却仍与我们的祖先一样确信无疑。现代人对药物的迷信可由这一事实得到证实：即这个国家每年的药费已到了天文数字，且目前尚无停止增长之迹象。
31.3 Although great strides have been made in achieving social status and greater
equality for women in the past decades, their role in the family remains basically
uncharged. The double burden of work inside and outside the home they are carrying renders
them impossible to make full use of their talents and difficult to rise to positions of
leadership.
虽然在过去几十年里妇女在争取社会地位和更多的平等方面取得了很大的进步，但是她们在家里的角
色仍没有得到多大的变化。她们在家里和外面都要干，这双重工作负担使她们不能充分发挥自己的才能，因之很难升到领导岗位。
31.4 We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most evasive attitudes about
death, despite the great distance we have cane in understanding some of the profound
aspects of biology.
We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is
an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old
days.
尽管我们对生物某些方面的奥秘已有很多了解，但我们还是和祖先一样，对死是讳莫如深的。我们对
自己的死不仅不敢想，而且不敢去谈论。这是一个不适宜的话题，就像过去在男女一起时谈论性病和流产一样不易启口。
IV．引用法
文章开头通过引用名人名言，箴言谚语，或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点。下面便是一些常见句型。
32 One of the great early men
writers
philosophers
scientists said
wrote
remarked that.... If this is true,
the case,
32 then the present
current view
valuess
attitude
situation should make us wonder whether
ponder over
32.1 One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a society is a
pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If it is true, then
the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our
management is civilized at all.
以前有一位著名的社会学家曾说过，妇女在一个社会中的地位是这个社会文明程度的一个非常可靠的
标志。如果是这样的话，那么目前妇女在管理方面较低的地位应使我们想一想，我们现在的管理是否文明。
32.2 One of the great early writers once said that human character is formed by society.
If this is the case, aren't the current pervasive corruption, the popular obsession with
money-making and general indifference to human sufferings and social injustices a perfect
manifestation of a bad social environment?
曾有一位伟大的作家说过：人的性格是由社会塑成的。倘若真是如此，那难道当今的腐败风气，一心
扑到钱眼里而对人的疾苦和社会不正之风麻木不仁等现象，不正是社会环境不良的真实写照吗？
32.3 A gifted American psychologist has said: "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind
catches hold of something and will not let it go." In other words, it is useless to argue
with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task.
One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. if it is true, the
cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is a policy of first importance to a
modern man who easily gets anxious and depressed.
一位极富天资的美国心理学家说过：“忧虑是感情的一阵发作。心中老是想着某一事，死死放不开。
”也就是说，在这种情况下，与之抗争是无用的。意志越强，愈是徒劳无效。你只能耐心地用暗示的方法使其他事进入这固执的头脑中去。如果这样分析是对的，那么对于一个极易焦虑沮丧的现代人来说，培养业余爱好和新的兴趣是头等重要的明智之举。
33 "Knowledge is power"
"Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom"
"Familiar notions are often those least examined"
"Mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust"
"Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 Percent perspiration" Such is the opinion of
remark made by
33 Bacon.
Edison.
one of the great men. This view
remark has been shared
confirmed now
time and again by more and more people.
many historical events.
33.1 "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them."
Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now.
To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is
more essential to his success.
伟大的作家科尔顿曾经说过：“一个伟大的人物不仅必须随时抓住机会，而且必须随时创造机会。”
他的这个精辟的论断至今仍有深远的意义。一个人一生中机会并不很多，因此，创造机会对他的成功
来说便尤为重要。
33.2 Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of Mortimer J.
Adler,a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. No college or
university can educate its students by the time they graduate; and no one should be
content to simply end his education with high school education or college education.Education is a lifetime study.
教育不能随着毕业而告结束。这是美国大哲学家摩提默叫·阿德勒的观点。这个观点已为越来越多的
人所接受。没有一所大学能在学生毕业时把所有知识都教授给他们了，没有人应该满足于他自己的高中教育或大学教育。教育是一种终生的学习。
34 "...." That's how one college student
official
housewife
father described
commented
complained
criticized ...
34 He / She is hardly alone in the experience
Many people have shared the experience like this
34.1 "All I have learnt in college is junk. " That's how one college graduate described
his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually
there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away
can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class
can't be transformed into useful job skills.
“我在大学器学的都是废物。”这是一位大学毕业生在说起自己在寻找工作中不断受挫时所发
的怨言。他的经历不只是个别的，有无数大学毕业生抱怨他们拿到的学位在找一份适宜的工作时
起不了什么作用，学校里学到的知识不能转变为有用的工作技能。
34.2 "It's like being bitten to death by ducks." That's how one mother described her
constant squabbles with her fourteen-year-old daughter. And she is hardly alone in the
experience. According to a poll, the relations between parents and teenagers are
frequently marked by squabbling, naming and arguing despite considerable love between
them. What causes this verbal behavior, and which party is at fault: the adolescent or the
adult?
“就像一只鸭子似的把我吵死了！”这是一位母亲在形容她和自己14岁的女儿时常争吵时说的话。这
种情况不止她遇到。根据一项民意调查，尽管父母亲和他们的未成年的孩子都互相非常爱对方，但在日常生活中他们却经常吵嘴，责骂不休。怎么会造成这些相互间的争执？
谁对，谁错，是大人抑或未成年的孩子？
35 "...." The same idea
complaint
attitude is voiced
echoed
shared by....
35.1 "Spendable money is better off spent. The cast of living is going up so fast, it is
better to spend money now on things we would normally put off buying. "That's how my
neighbor, a steel worker complained of soaring inflation. His view is now echoed by more
and more working people who buy more things that they don't really need than put money
into savings accounts that pay interests far below the pace of inflation.
“能用的钱最好还是用光。现在生活费上涨很快，与其是推迟买的，不如现在就买下来。”
这是我的一个在钢铁厂工作的邻居在抱怨物价飞涨时说的。他的观点已得到越来越多的工人的赞同
。人们争相买东西，甚至买些并不十分需要的东西，而并不把钱存入银行。这是因为存银行所得的
利息远远不及通货膨胀的速度。
35.2 "Lei Feng died already," said by sane people whenever they deplored the fact that
nowadays no one in the street will come to a person's assistance when he is in trouble or
in danger. The same view is voiced by many people who complain about the decline in the
moral standards in recent years and hope the spirit of Lei Feng (1939---1962), a model
soldier who devoted his short life to the public good will stay with us.
“雷锋早已死了。”每当有些人看到现在一个人在街上遇险或碰到困难而无人相助时，不禁发出的如
此感叹。许多人都持这种观点，他们抱怨近几年道德水平日趋下降，他们希望雷锋（1939－1962）——这个把自己短暂的一生都用来为人民服务的模范战士的精神还活在人们中间。
36 "...." How often we hear
We are used to hearing
Many people have heard (such) statement
words
complaint like
as this
those.
36.1 "Social attitude toward women has changed a lot." How often these days we hear the
statement like this. Twenty or thirty years ago it was believed that a women must either
many young or risk becoming a spinster. And a woman who did not marry was thought to be
inferior and abnormal. However, today's woman has numerous options open to her besides
early marriage. Most important, a single woamn is no longer looked down upon by society.
“社会对妇女的态度有了很大的变化。”最近我们常常听到这样的说法。二三十年前，人们普遍认为
一个女人要么早早结婚，要么很可能成为一个老处女。而一个不结婚的女人会被视为不正常或低人一等。然而今天的妇女除了趁年轻结婚外还有许多出路。最重要的是一个单身女子再也不会受社会歧视。
36.2 In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints as this "I've
got too much work to do and not enough time to rest" or "the work is too demanding and too
exhausting, I wish the others would do it". Don't be misled by the complaint; and don't be
deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy. Complaining is just part of
working, and it is a manifestation of the pride they take in their unique capacity to
conquer the tough job.
现在我们常常听到那些老一套的怨言：“我要做的事太多了，简直没有时间去休息”，“这工作太难
了，太累了，真想让别人去干。”不要被这些怨言所迷惑，不要误认为人们不愿化力气。发牢骚正是工作的一部分，它反映了人们对自己处理棘手工作的出众能力的自豪感。
V．比较法
比较法句型主要用于通过对过去与现在两种不同倾向、态度和观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的主题。
37 For years
Until recently ... had been
was seen
viewed
regarded as.... But that is changing now.
people are taking a fresh look at it.
37 With the growing
mounting demand for
interest in
concern over ... people....
37.1 For years, offsprings, especially sons had been expected to remain at home
permanently, bringing their spouses home to the big, extended family when they got
married. But that's changing now. With growing demand for independence and the improved
living standard, more and more young people seek to leave the parental family to
establish their own households.
多少年来，子女，尤其是儿子一直被希冀永远待在家里。当他们结婚后，应把配偶带回家来，组成大
家庭。但现在这已起了变化。由于生活水平的提高和对独立生活的要求，越来越多的青年追求搬出父母家，建立自己的家庭。
37.2 Until recently the general attitude toward daydreaming remained hostile.
Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape
from real life and its duties. But now sane people are taking a fresh look at
daydreaming. They think it may contribute to intellectual growth and lead to the
attainment of actual goals.
不久前人们对白日做梦一般还是持批评的态度，认为它浪费时间，是逃避现实生活及其责任的一种不
健康的倾向。但现在有人对此持一种新的看法。他们认为白日做梦有助于智力的发展，能引导人们实现要达到的目标。
37.3 Until recently, discoveries in science and technology had been thought of as the
result of dramatic accidents. But the view is changing now. Contrary to the notion of
"instant" scientific discoveries, distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of
opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years.
以前，科学技术的发现一直是被看成带有戏剧性的偶然结果。现在这种观点正在改变。
与这种“瞬息”的科学发明的看法相反，伟大的科学成就不仅仅是机会，而且是长年累月换而不舍、孜孜不倦的结果。
38 People used to think
It was once thought that.... In the past
old days .... But things are quite different.
few people now share this view.
38.1 People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days. Children were
familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things are quite different.
Our youngsters have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never
experienced the death of a family member. When people get seriously sick, they are often
transferred to a hospital, where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit
terminally ill patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death, an
experience very important to one's life.
人们过去生在家里，死在家里。过去，生与死作为生活一部分孩子们是经常看到的和听到的。但现在
情况大不相同了。
我们年轻人从来看不到婴儿的降临，也体验不到一个家人的死去。当人患了重病，他们常被送往医院，而孩子们通常在医院是不受欢迎的，是不允许探视临终的病人的。这就剥夺了孩子对死亡的体会，而这个体会对人生来说是十分重要的。
38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around
large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today, we know that although these are the
areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. The increase in
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a
greenhouse effect, and raising the world's average temperature.
过去人们认为大气污染只影响工厂密集、交通繁忙的大城市周围地区。现在我们懂得虽然这些地区空
气污染最严重，但这一问题实际上却是全球性的。燃烧煤和油使大气里的二氧化碳成份增加，这就带来了温室效应，使世界平均气温上升。
39 Several years
decades ago, people ... Now, ...
Today, ... Why do people ...?
has such change taken place?
39.1 Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a
college student was doing a part-time job. "Why? Maybe he is short of money, " they
thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence that college students are
working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards
or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job?
几年前，人们听到某某大学生在打工，常会觉得有点惊奇。他们想：“怎么啦？他可能缺钱用吧？”
但如今大学生兼做家庭教师或推销员、导游是常有的事了。许多学生在招贴栏或路灯杆上贴广告，想寻找一份短工。为什么许多学生对课余打工或暑假打工这么感兴趣呢？
39.2 Several decades ago, early childhood was spent playing games on the streets. To
acquire academic skills at early ages was not encouraged. But now there is an increasing
awareness of the importance of learning in the early years. Failure to teach children when
they are young is seen as evidence of bad parenting. Hence education begins at ncreasingly
earlier ages. Children are now presented both at home and in kindergarten with formal
instruction in reading and math once reserved for primary school students. Why has such a
big change taken place?
二三十年前，孩子们是在街上玩游戏度过童年的。人们并不鼓励从小多学知识。但现在人们越来越认
识到从小学习的重要性。如果不从小教孩子识字等，父母会被认为对孩子不负责。所以现在教育越来越早。无论在家里还是幼儿园，现在小孩子都接受正规的教育，如识字，算数，而这些以前要到小学才学。为什么会发生这么大变化呢？
39.3 General attitude toward the market-oriented economy has undergone a great change.
Twenty or thirty years ago, very few people believed that the market-oriented economy
could work in our society. Now, however, it is widely held that it is the only key to the
development of our economy. It is in my opinion that the second of these attitudes is
nearly unsophisticated as the first. Yesterday's skepticism was based on ignorance of
the law of economic growth; today's assurance reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of
economy itself.
人们对市场经济的态度经历了很大的变化。二三十年前，很少有人认为市场经济在我们国家行得通。
而今天许多人则认为市场经济是我们经济发展的唯一手段。而我认为，第二种态度同第一种差不多简单。昨天对市场经济的怀疑态度是由于人们对经济发展规律的一无所知；而今天的绝对肯定则反映了人们对经济本质的误解。
40 After a good many years of efforts to
enthusiasm for ..., people begin to ....
40.1 After years of second-class status, smaller rewards, and lesser coverage by sports
writers, women athletes are making great strides ------ not just in gymnastics and
swimming, but in weightlifting and football. Women can and do compete well in nearly every
sport and draw as large crowds of plying customers as men.
多少年来女运动员地位低下，报酬低，体育记者对她们报道也少。现在她们正在取得很大的进步，不
仅在体操、游泳，而且在举重和足球方面也取得了长足的进步。妇女在几乎所有的体育项目上都能，而且也确实干得很好，她们和男运动员一样能吸引许多观众。
40.2 After years of enthusiasm for more children, childbearing is losing its appeal for
many young couples in big cities. In an increasing number, newly-weds put off having
children or decide not to have one at all. The latest reports show that in 1994 married
couples with wives under 35 had less than one child on average, while with wives over 55
had more than three children.
经过多年的多生孩子热后，大城市里的许多年轻夫妇对生孩子正逐渐失去兴趣。越来越多的新婚夫妇
推迟生育孩子或决定不要孩子。根据最新的报道，1994年35岁以下的已婚女性平均生育子女还不到一个，而55岁以上的妇女则超过3个。
40.3 After a good many years of observing human nature in action, I have firmly
concluded that two qualities make the difference between leaders and men of average
performance. They are curiosity and discontent. These deep human urges work together, I
believe, to motivate all human discovery and achievement.
经过多年来对现实生活中的人性的观察，我得出一个肯定结论：人能成为一个杰出之材还是一个平庸
之辈取决于两个特性：好奇和不满足。我认为人性中的这两个欲望，一起起作用驱使人去发现，去取得成就。
41 It is a traditional way
custom
practice to.... But now the pendulum has swung to another direction.
in the opposite direction.
the other way.
41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and
their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show
respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite
direction. According to a study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone
in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954. Why
are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children?
中国的老人和他们的子女和子孙住在一起是一个传统的习惯。年轻人以此来表示对老人的尊敬，表达
对父辈养育之恩的报答。但最近一二十年，钟摆转到相反的方向去了。根据1994年一项调查， 52％的老人独住自己家，或住进大城市的养老院，而在1954年则基本没有这种情况。为什么越来越多的老人和他们的于女分开住呢？
41.2 Traditionally, young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers, financial
success, the accumulation of possessions and conformable living. But now the pendulum
seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counterculture
ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of
intangibles ------ creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation,
and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it
provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and
husband.
传统上来说，青年人关心的是职业、成功、积累财富以及舒适的生活。但现在钟摆似乎转到另一方向
去了。根据1994年的调查，许多反文化的观念已进入了主流文化。许多人衡量成功的标志不再是物质方面，而是创造、自主、快乐、参与、冒险、刺激和爱情。许多人对社会提供的工作和支付的报酬发生了疑问，并且不满足于丈夫和妻子的传统社会属性。
42 In recent years, there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of
general / growing / healthy tendency to
upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward ...
42 According to a poll
study
survey , there is X percent of..., compared with Y percent last year. Why...?
42.1 In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to applied
field. According to a study, in Beijing alone 72 percent of scientists and researchers
have switched to industries where there are more jobs available and frequently more
highly-paid than jobs connected with pure research. Does the trend have something to do
with nationwide concentration on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies?
最近几年，科学家正从纯理论的研究转到应用领域上来。根据一项调查显示：光北京地区就有72％的
科研工作者转向了工业部门，那里不仅工作机会多，通常工资待遇也远比理论研究部门要高得多。这种倾向是否和全国只注重经济的直接产出，不太关心长期的理论研究有关呢？
42.2 In recent years there is a tendency towards living alone ------ a dramatic step on
the path away from the close-knit, extended families so common just a few decades ago.
According to a census report, households consisting of just one person have increased to
14 percent in the past year, compared with 4 percent 20 years ago. Why are people living
alone?
近些年来独身现象悄然出现。这对几十年前相当普遍的关系紧密的大家庭来说，是一个非常大的变化
。根据一份调查报告，去年单身者家庭上升14%，而在20年前只有4%单身者家庭。为什么那些人要选择独身生活呢？
VI．故事法
文章开头讲一个故事，不仅可以引起读者的兴趣，且可引出文章要讨论的主题。以下是引出故事的句
型。
43 Last Sunday,
The other day,
Some months ago, I
a friend of mine ... The story
case
incident is not rare,
unusual, it is one
typical of thousands of ...
43.1 The other day, I met Miss Lee, my old classmate, who told me that she had decided
to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the school year and to go into a company. She
said that she couldn't make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her
moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in. Miss
Lee's case is not unusual, it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting
their jobs in search of more lucrative work.
几天前，我遇到老同学李小姐。她告诉我她决定在本学期未辞去教师工作，去一家公司供职。她说她
选择的教师职业使她无法生活下去，即使她每周两次晚上出去打工，还是不能摆脱经济站据的窘境。李小姐的情况很普遍。在成千上万辞去自己原来工作，去寻找比较有钱的职业的青年教师中，她是个典型的例子。
43.2 Last evening, I went to visit one of my friends and was little surprised to find
his ten-year-old daughter having an early dinner alone. Why didn't she have supper with
her family? "She is going to have class in the evening school," explained her father. The
case is not rare. My friend's daughter is just one of thousands of school children around
the city who are learning foreign languages in evening schools.
昨晚我去看望一个朋友，看到她10岁的女儿正独自吃早晚饭有些奇怪。便问：“她为什么不和家人一
起吃晚饭？”他父亲解释道：“她要上夜校去。”这种情况并不鲜见。在夜校学外语的全市数以万计的在校学生中，我朋友的女儿不过是其中的一个而已。
44 Once in a hospital
street
newspaper , I saw
read of
learnt .... The problem
phenomenon
plight of ... has drawn
arouse public
nationwide
general attention.
concern
44.1 Once in a hospital I saw a small child with acute leukemia. She made the rounds and
asked the adults ------ her father, mother and relatives, "What is it going to be like
when I die?" The grown-ups responded in a variety of ways, some crying out, some losing
for wards. The only message the little girl received through the grown-ups' response was
that they had a lot of fear when it came to talking about death. How to help our
youngsters to deal with the reality of death ------ part of life that all of us eventually
have to face? The question has now drawn general attention.
有一次我在医院里看到一个患白血病的小女孩。她环视了一下来看望她的大人，逐个问她的爸爸、妈
妈及亲戚：“我死后会怎么样？”大人们的反应各不相同，有的不禁失声痛哭，有的吞吞吐吐不知如何作答。这个女孩从大人的反应中得到的唯一信息是，在谈到死亡时他们对死都很害怕。如何来帮助孩子正确对待死，这个我们每一个人最终都必须面对的现实呢？这个问题已引起许多人的注意。
44.2 Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly
indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as
a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The
story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people
now have developed has amused nationwide concern.
有一次在报上我读到一则消息：一大群人对一位落水儿童的母亲的哀求置之不理真令人震惊。由于这
位妇女一时拿不出所要求的现钱的数目作为救她孩子的回报，最后她眼睁睁地看着儿子淹死。这种事在报纸、电视上常有报道。人们现在表现出来的这种麻木不仁、见死不救的态度已引起了全社会的关注。
45 I have a friend
A friend of mine who .... Should
Can he...? Such a choice
dilemma
problem we often meet
face
confront in our daily life.
45.1 I have a friend who lies in a hospital, slowly dying of a painful and incurable
disease. Although there is no hope of recovery, the disease sometimes permits its victim
to linger on for many months in ever great torment. My friend, apprised of the outcome and
knowing that the hospital expenses are a severe drain on his family's limited financial
resources, decides that death had better come at once. Should the family meet his demand
despite the enormous love for him? Should the doctor run the risk of providing him with
the necessary drug? Such a dilemma we often meet in our daily life.
我有一个朋友躺在医院里，他患了不治之症，在痛苦中慢慢死去。虽然这种病无法医治，但病人要在
愈来愈痛苦的折磨中挣扎好几个月。我的朋友得知自己的病情后，考虑到耗费在自己身上的医药费时并不富裕的家来说是个沉重的经济负担，决定尽快结束生命。虽然他的家人很爱他，但是否应同意他的要求呢？医生是否应冒险向他提供结束生命必要的药物呢？在日常生活中我们常遇到这样的难题。
46 Once upon a time was
lived a man. ... The tale
story may be apocryphal
unbelievable
46 but it still has a realistic significance
its underlying moral has continuing relevance
now
today.
46.1 Once upon a time there were a brother and sister squabbling over an apple, with
each insisting on the larger slice. Just as the boy had gained control of the knife and
was poised to hack off the larger share for himself, the parents said: "Hold it! I don't
care who cuts that apple into two pieces, but whoever does has to give the other the right
to select the piece they want. " Naturally, to protect himself, the boy cut the apple into
two pieces of equal size. The tale may be apocryphal, but its underlying moral has
continuing relevance today. There are sane situations in which the needs of the
protagonists are not really in opposition. If the focus shifts firm defeating each other
to defeating the problem, every one can benefit.
从前有一对兄妹为一只苹果争吵，两人都想吃大的一块。正当那个男孩拿起刀子准备切下大的一半给
自己时，父母说：“住手，不管谁把它切开，但切的人得给对方选择他所要部分的权利。”很自然，男孩为了不吃亏，把苹果切成一般大小的两块。这则故事有点难以置信，但其中蕴含的教益至今有用。有许多情况双方的需求并不真正对立，只需把争论的焦点从打败对手转移到解决问题这上面来，双方便都能得益。
VII．问题法
问题法句型主要用于讨论一个有争议性主题的文章。文章开头用一个要讨论或解答的问题设问，可以
一下激起读者的兴趣。
47 Should
What ...? Opinions of
Attitudes towards ... vary widely / greatly
from person to person .
47 Some think of
regard
view ... as .... Others argue
believe
claim ....
47.1 Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries? Opinions vary widely. To
some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in
society is to supply knowledge and that he needn't concern himself with the uses to which
his knowledge or, discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a
duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.
科学家对他的发现该不该负责？人们有不同的看法。有的人认为回答是否定的。他们认为科学家在社
会中的作用就是提供知识，而这些知识或发现如何用，他不必去关心。然而有的人则认为科学家有责任确保其发现用以为社会服务，而不是有害于社会。
47.2 Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients ------ to speed recovery or to
conceal the approach of death? People's attitude toward the doctor's lie varies from
person to person. Some see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; others
think that truthful information should not be denied or distorted. But in medicine as in
law, government and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed
by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy;
to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.
为了对病人有利——为了加快病人的康复或不让病人知道自己濒临死亡——医生到底该不该撒谎？对
医生的撒谎，人们的态度截然不同。有人认为，为病人自身着想，撒谎是有必要的。有人则认为不应隐瞒或歪曲真相。然而医疗行业与法律、政府及其它行业一样，有些东西往往比诚实更为重要。如避免恐怖的消息所造成的后果，或必须格守保密的诺言，或需要揭露腐败行为或促进公众利益。
47.3 What does it take to succeed in one's studies or career? Opinions vary widely.
Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter
of luck ------ being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion
to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is
undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your
mother had.
是什么使一个人在自己的学习或工作上获得成功？人们的意见不尽相同。在基本相同的情况下，有人
认为成功的因素主要是运气，即正处在恰当的地点和恰当的时间。有的则认为是由于全身心地投入工作以至于对自己近乎残忍的科度。还有人认为成功无疑取决于是否聪慧或取决于其母亲受教育的程度。
48 How do you
What do you
Do you ever think of...? How do you
What do you
Do you ever see...? In answer
reply to these questions, we must....
48.1 How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten
through graduate school? How do we measure success in education? How does education affect
not only labor skills but the quality of life? In seeking answers to such questions, there
is much man ------ indeed necessity ------ for consideration and robust debate.
我们如何看一个学生从幼儿园到大学所承受的沉重的学习负担？我们又如何来衡量一个人在学习上的
成功？而教育又怎样不仅影响一个人的工作技能而且还影响到生活质量？要寻找这些问题的答案，有许多地方，也确实有必要进行思考并开展热烈的讨论。
49 "Why do
have .. . ?" Many people often ask
pose the question like this.
49.1 "Why does the idea of progress loan so large in the modern world?" Many people
often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is
actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind
has undergone no general improvement in morality, it has made extraordinary progress in
knowledge and technology.
为什么进步这个概念在当今世界上如此受人重视？许多人经常问这一问题。毫无疑问，这是因为某种
特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围出现，而且变得越来越明显。虽然人类在道德方面并无普遍的提高，但在知识和技术方面却取得了非凡的进步。
49.2 "Why have I chosen to attend college? Is the four-year academic life worthwhile?" I
have put these questions to myself at many times in the past two years. Have I come
because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to
pursue? After pondering these questions on many occasions, I have finally reached the
conclusion that I have come to college not for money nor for fame but for knowledge, for a
better understanding of the world around me.
“我为什么要选择读大学，这四年的学习生活是否值得？”在过去的两年中我不止一次地问自己。我
读大学是否因父母的影响？或有自己所要追求的目标？经过无数次思考，我最后得出结论，我读大学并不是为钱、为名，而是为了知识，为了更好地了解我周围的世界。 |
